Syllabus for BITSAT Biology 2016

Part IV: Biology

1: Diversity in Living World

1.1    Biology – its meaning and relevance to mankind
1.2   What is living; Taxonomic categories and aids; Systematics and Binomial system of nomenclature.
1.3    Introductory classification of living organisms (Two-kingdom system, Five-kingdom system);
1.4    Plant kingdom – Salient features of major groups (Algae to Angiosperms);
1.5    Animal kingdom – Salient features of Nonchordates up to phylum, and Chordates up to class level.

2: Cell: The Unit of Life; Structure and Function

2.1    Cell wall; Cell membrane; Endomembrane system (ER, Golgi apparatus/Dictyosome, Lysosomes, Vacuoles); Mitochondria; Plastids; Ribosomes; Cytoskeleton; Cilia and Flagella; Centrosome and Centriole; Nucleus; Microbodies.
2.2    Structural differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic, and between plant and animal cells.
2.3    Cell cycle (various phases); Mitosis; Meiosis.
2.4    Biomolecules – Structure and function of Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic acids.
2.5    Enzymes – Chemical nature, types, properties and mechanism of action.

3: Genetics and Evolution

3.1    Mendelian inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Gene interaction; Incomplete dominance; Co-dominance; Complementary genes; Multiple alleles;
3.2    Linkage and Crossing over; Inheritance patterns of hemophilia and blood groups in humans.
3.3    DNA –its organization and replication; Transcription and Translation;
3.4    Gene expression and regulation; DNA fingerprinting.
3.5    Theories and evidences of evolution, including modern Darwinism.

4: Structure and Function – Plants

4.1    Morphology of a flowering plant; Tissues and tissue systems in plants; Anatomy and function of root, stem (including modifications), leaf, inflorescence, flower (including position and arrangement of different whorls, placentation), fruit and seed; Types of fruit; Secondary growth;
4.2    Absorption and movement of water (including diffusion, osmosis and water relations of cell) and of nutrients; Translocation of food; Transpiration and gaseous exchange; Mechanism of stomatal movement.
4.3    Mineral nutrition – Macro- and micro-nutrients in plants including deficiency disorders; Biological nitrogen fixation mechanism.
4.4    Photosynthesis – Light reaction, cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation; various pathways of carbon dioxide fixation; Photorespiration; Limiting factors.
4.5    Respiration – Anaerobic, Fermentation, Aerobic; Glycolysis, TCA cycle; Electron transport system; Energy relations.

5: Structure and Function – Animals

5.1    Human Physiology – Digestive system – organs, digestion and absorption; Respiratory system – organs, breathing and exchange and transport of gases.
5.2    Body fluids and circulation – Blood, lymph, double circulation, regulation of cardiac activity; Hypertension, Coronary artery diseases.
5.3    Excretion system – Urine formation, regulation of kidney function
5.4    Locomotion and movement – Skeletal system, joints, muscles, types of movement.
5.5    Control and co-ordination – Central and peripheral nervous systems, structure and function of neuron, reflex action and sensory reception; Role of various types of endocrine glands; Mechanism of hormone action.

6: Reproduction, Growth and Movement in Plants

6.1    Asexual methods of reproduction;
6.2    Sexual Reproduction – Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination (Types and agents); Fertilization; Development of embryo, endosperm, seed and fruit (including parthenocarpy and elminth).
6.3    Growth and Movement – Growth phases; Types of growth regulators and their role in seed dormancy, germination and movement;
6.4    Apical dominance; Senescence; Abscission; Photo- periodism; Vernalisation;
6.5    Various types of movements.

7: Reproduction and Development in Humans

7.1    Male and female reproductive systems;
7.2    Menstrual cycle; Gamete production; Fertilisation; Implantation;
7.3    Embryo development;
7.4    Pregnancy and parturition;
7.5    Birth control and contraception.

8: Ecology and Environment

8.1    Meaning of ecology, environment, habitat and niche.
8.2    Ecological levels of organization (organism to biosphere); Characteristics of Species, Population, Biotic Community and Ecosystem; Succession and Climax. Ecosystem – Biotic and abiotic components; Ecological pyramids; Food chain and Food web;
8.3    Energy flow; Major types of ecosystems including agroecosystem.
8.4    Ecological adaptations – Structural and physiological features in plants and animals of aquatic and desert habitats.
8.5    Biodiversity and Environmental Issues – Meaning, types and conservation strategies (Biosphere reserves, National parks and Sanctuaries), Air and Water Pollution (sources and major pollutants); Global warming and Climate change; Ozone depletion; Noise pollution; Radioactive pollution; Methods of pollution control (including an idea of bioremediation); Deforestation; Extinction of species (Hot Spots).

9: Biology and Human Welfare

9.1    Animal husbandry – Livestock, Poultry, Fisheries; Major animal diseases and their control. Pathogens of major communicable diseases of humans caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, protozoans and elminthes, and their control.
9.2    Cancer; AIDS.
9.3    Adolescence and drug/alcohol abuse;
9.4    Basic concepts of immunology.
9.5    Plant Breeding and Tissue Culture in crop improvement.

10: Biotechnology and its Applications

10.1    Microbes as ideal system for biotechnology;
10.2   Microbial technology in food processing, industrial production (alcohol, acids, enzymes, antibiotics), sewage treatment and energy generation.
10.3    Steps in recombinant DNA technology – restriction enzymes, NA insertion by vectors and other methods, regeneration of recombinants
10.4    Applications of R-DNA technology in human health –Production of Insulin, Vaccines and Growth hormones, Organ transplant, Gene therapy.
10.5    Applications in Industry and Agriculture – Production of expensive enzymes, strain improvement to scale up bioprocesses, GM crops by transfer of genes for nitrogen fixation, herbicide-resistance and pest-resistance including Bt crops.

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